Atlanta Divorce Attorney Blog

With the increasing publicity related to celebrities and their custody disputes (Usher, T.O., Mindy McCready and other artists we have posted about), an interesting question arises as to how judges in Georgia handle child support obligations when one parent makes a significantly higher income than the other parent. The purpose of child support is to provide the minor child with a lifestyle that reflects the income of both parents. What do you do when one parent makes ten times, twenty times, or even one hundred times more?

I recently attended a seminar where a panel of judges discussed this issue. A Gwinnet County judge indicated that lump sum child support might be appropriate. Lump sum child support is usually one large payment that, once paid, would completely resolve the parent’s obligation to pay child support in the future. The benefit to lump sum child support would be ensuring that the entire child support obligation until the minor child turns eighteen would have already been paid even if the high-income parent were to lose his or her job later. However, if the high income earning parent were to lose his or her job later, an argument could be made that the lump sum child support was inappropriate because that parent would have had to pay a lower child support payment if his or her income were lower.

A Cobb County judge suggested that another way to determine child support in high-income cases is to use percentages. By way of example, if the child support payment should be 15% of the parent’s net income, then it should not matter whether the 15% is applied to an income of $40,000.00 or $400,000.00 or $4,000,000.00. A Fulton County judge stated that her main concern in such cases is that the money is put to good use and be used for the minor child rather than going to the living expenses of the other parent. This Fulton County judge stated that, depending on the case, it may be in the best interest of the child to require that a certain sum be set for the minor child and defer accessibility to that fund so the custodial parent does not waste it. Another judge stated, however, that just because one parent earns a significantly higher income than the other does not mean that the child support obligation should be significantly higher as well. This judge wanted to prevent the situation where the custodial parent was essentially “winning the lottery” through child support and stated that a downward deviation is appropriate.

By Emily Yu, Associate Attorney, Meriwether & Tharp, LLC

In Georgia, child support is calculated using the child support worksheets to obtain a presumptive child support amount, which can then be deviated from using several specified grounds. OCGA §19-6-15. One such deviation is the travel expenses deviation, which can be used to account for substantial travel costs incurred when the parents live in different cities or states. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(F). In allowing this deviation, the court must consider “the circumstances of the respective parents as well as which parent moved and the reason for such move.” Id.

I recently attended a seminar where several Atlanta-based judges discussed this issue. The judges were consistent in stating that they would only grant this deviation for things that had been done in the past, not just things a party said he/she would do. For example, if an out of town parent previously only visited twice a year, it is unlikely that this parent would get a deviation for monthly travel expenses. In addition, the judges all agreed that if the distance between parents was great, they would be more likely to award travel expenses for fewer, longer visits (such as over winter break or summer) rather than short monthly visits, as this would be a better use of quality visitation time as well as travel expenses. Overall, the judges do not want to discourage visitation, but also do not want to encourage misuse of this deviation.

In Georgia, child support is calculated using the child support worksheets to obtain a presumptive child support amount, which can then be deviated from using several specified grounds. OCGA §19-6-15. One such deviation is the parenting time deviation which can apply “when special circumstances make the presumptive amount of child support excessive or inadequate due to extended parenting time as set forth in the order of visitation or when the child resides with both parents equally.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(K)(i). The statute, however, gives no guidelines for what the deviation should be.

I recently attended a seminar where several Atlanta-based judges discussed this issue using the example of a child who resides with each parent equally. One Fulton county judge stated that, even with equally shared visitation, if one parent makes significantly more money than the other, some child support should be paid to the other parent. Another Judge agreed, with the caveat that if the higher wage earner was paying other expenses such as day care and/or medical, this should count toward support and, thus, it is possible that no child support would be paid to the other parent. Thus, since it is in the discretion of the judge, it is likely that the deviation will vary depending on your county and your judge. All of the Judges believed, however, that, in this situation, the calculation should start with the presumptive child support amount and go down from there, rather than assuming there should be no child support paid.

In Georgia, a spouse who has an affair risks the affair playing a large role in the outcome of the divorce case, specifically with the issue of support. First and foremost, adultery is an absolute bar to alimony in Georgia. This means that the person who had the affair is not entitled to alimony, whether they need it or not, and will not be successful on a claim for alimony in court.

On the other hand, adultery does not impact child support as this support belongs to the child, not the parent. Thus, anything relating to child support, such as daycare, medical, and extracurricular expenses for the children, will still be up for discussion and will be shared according to the child support worksheets. It should be noted, however, that adultery can affect child custody, which will determine who pays child support. If a parent has committed adultery in the presence of the children, this parent is acting contrary to the children’s best interests (the standard for determining custody in Georgia), which could result in that parent losing a custody battle and then having the obligation to pay child support.

According to the Atlanta Journal Constitution, NFL receiver Terrell Owens was recently sued in Fulton County for failing to pay child support. T.O. sued for child support, by George Mathis, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 11, 2011. Owens has a five-year-old daughter with the woman bringing the lawsuit, which alleges that Owens has not paid his August child support and told the plaintiff that he does not plan to make future payments. According to the article, Owens was ordered in May 2007 to pay $5,000 per month in child support, and made June and July payments only after being threatened with legal action.

In Georgia, if the court finds that Owens’ failure to pay his court-ordered child support is willful (i.e. he has the money to pay, but just doesn’t want to), he could be subject to sanctions for contempt, which may include license revocation and/or incarceration. Owens’ defense may be that, although he has historically made a very large salary in the NFL, he is currently not on a team and, thus, technically has no income. Perhaps he will argue that he is unable to make the large child support payments due to the fact that he is currently unemployed. I would not be surprised if he filed a modification action to lower his child support if an NFL team does not sign him. Given his historic earning potential, it will be interesting to see what the court does.

The Supreme Court of Georgia recently clarified the meaning of "attends school" as it relates to child support obligations. Draughn v. Draughn, S10A1599 (2011). In that case, the parties’ divorce decree stated that the father was to pay child support until the child “reaches the age of eighteen…; provided that if [the child] becomes eighteen years old while enrolled in and attending a secondary school on a full time basis, then the child support shall continue for [said child] until he has graduated from secondary school or reaches the age of twenty, whichever comes first.” Id. Shortly before the child turned 18, he stopped attending private high school and enrolled in an online high school equivalency program, but he failed to complete the online program and did not graduate. Id. at 2. After the father subsequently stopped paying child support, the mother filed a motion for contempt.

An issue addressed by the Supreme Court of Georgia on appeal was whether online schooling satisfies the requirement that the child “attends” a secondary school. The trial court found that online classes were not considered to be “attending school”, but the Supreme Court of Georgia disagreed. (Interestingly, the trial court did not base its contempt judgment on this finding, but the Supreme Court of Georgia was concerned as to whether the trial court’s assertion was correct and, therefore, asked the parties to address the issue so it could rule.)

The Supreme Court of Georgia unequivocally held that “once a child enrolls in approved online courses in an effort to graduate from secondary school, his online attendance constitutes 'attending school' for purposes of extending child support beyond the child’s attainment of the age of majority.” Id. at 4-5. The Court based its ruling on the state government’s endorsement and regulation of online learning opportunities. In doing so, the Court is keeping up with the realities of the digital age and allowing children to participate in alternative forms of education.

The Georgia Supreme Court recently clarified two issues surrounding the child support deviation for life insurance. Simmons v. Simmons, S10F1818 (2011). In Simmons v. Simmons, the parties were divorced and the Final Judgment and Decree of Divorce ordered the husband, among other things, “to maintain $150,000 in insurance on his life for the benefit of the child and establish a trust in which to place any proceeds.” Id. at 1. The husband appealed several portions of the Final Judgment and Decree of Divorce to the Georgia Supreme Court including the life insurance provision, arguing that the amount in which he is required to maintain a life insurance policy exceeds his cumulative child support obligation. Id. at 6.

The Georgia Supreme Court disagreed with the husband, holding that the statute addressing life insurance “does not limit the value of any such insurance to the future child support obligation of the parent,” but, rather, “is within the trial court’s discretion.” Id. at 6-7. The Georgia Supreme Court found no abuse of discretion by the trial court. Thus, any life insurance policy value may be acceptable as long as it can be supported by the evidence.

The husband also unsuccessfully argued that the trial court “failed to consider the cost of the life insurance in calculating his child support obligation.” Id. at 7. In dismissing this argument, the Georgia Supreme Court stated that although the statute provides that “[t]he amount of the premium for such life insurance may be considered as a deviation to the presumptive amount of child support,” the deviation is not required and the trial court did not abuse it’s discretion in declining to consider the deviation. Id.

The Supreme Court of Georgia recently vacated a child support order that had an unsupported deviation. Stowell v. Huguenard, S10A1700 (2011). In that case, the father filed a motion to modify his child support and alimony obligation after a substantial change in his employment. After a trial, the court reduced the father’s child support obligation to $981.25 per month plus “an annual payment of 25% of any gross commissions or other irregular income received above his $3500 monthly base salary.” Id. at 1. The father appealed, alleging that Georgia law did not support the additional 25%. The Supreme Court of Georgia agreed with the father.

In general, child support is computed using both parents’ gross incomes to get the presumptive amount of child support, and then adding to or subtracting from this amount using deviations that serve the best interests of the child. OCGA §19-6-15. Click here for a more detailed analysis of how child support is computed.

In this case, there was no question that the father’s child support obligation of $981.25 per month was correct given the parties’ respective incomes. However, the child support worksheet “contains no reference to the trial court’s requirement that [the father] pay 25% of any income over his base salary of $3500 every month” as required. Id. at 4. In addition, “the trial court declared on the worksheet that there were no deviations to the presumptive child support amounts.” Id. at 5. The 25% was addressed as a provision in the modification order, but the order lacked “the written findings or special interrogatory findings that an amount of child support other than the amount calculated is reasonably necessary.” Id. The Georgia Supreme Court held that “the trial court’s requirement that [the father] pay 25% of any income above his monthly base salary of $3500 results in a deviation from the presumptive amount of child support set forth by the child support guidelines” and, since this deviation was not support buy written findings or entered on the child support worksheet, the modification order must be vacated. Id. at 11-12.

The Supreme Court of Georgia recently made an interesting, if not surprising, ruling, denying a parenting time deviation in a joint custody case. Willis v. Willis, S10F1357 (January 24, 2010). In that divorce case, the parties were awarded joint legal and physical custody of their only child, with physical custody alternating weekly. Id. The trial court designated the husband as the non-custodial parent “[s]olely for purposes of calculating child support.” Id. After considering the parties’ incomes and the wife’s payment of the child’s health insurance premiums, the court ordered the husband “to pay monthly child support of $961 to Wife and to divide evenly with Wife the child’s uninsured health-care expenses.” Id. at 2.

The husband appealed, claiming, “the trial court abused its discretion and unjustly enriched Wife” when it did not give him a parenting time deviation, given the joint physical custody. Id. The Supreme Court of Georgia agreed with the trial court that in order to grant a deviation, the trial court “must find that the application of the presumptive amount of child support would be unjust or inappropriate and that the best interest of the child for whom support is being determined will be served by deviation from the presumptive amount of child support.” Id. at 4, OCGA 19-6-15(c)(2)(E)(iii). The Court found no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s holding that the presumptive amount of child support was not excessive or inadequate, nor did it unjustly enrich the wife, and that a downward deviation would not be in the best interests of the child. Id. at 4.

This case shows that a parenting time deviation is not presumed just because of a shared custody arrangement. There are certain findings necessary for the court to grant this deviation and, without those findings, the deviation will not be granted. This case might ultimately make it a little more difficult for a parent to get a parenting time deviation, but it is not impossible as long as you present the proper evidence to the court – the presumptive amount of child support is unjust or inappropriate, and the child’s best interest will be served by the deviation.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The final deviation category under the statute is nonspecific deviation. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(3).

The nonspecific deviation category is a catch-all deviation, included to cover specific situations that may not have been contemplated by the Legislature. Specifically, the statute says that a deviation “may be appropriate for reasons in addition to those established under this subsection.” Id. Every family situation is unique and what applies in one family may not apply in another. This deviation gives a parent the ability to ask for a deviation for any reason, but the deviation may only be granted “when the court or the jury finds it is in the best interest of the child.” Id.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The tenth deviation category under the statute is parenting time. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(K).

Generally, the Georgia child support guidelines are “based upon expenditures for a child in intact households.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(K)(i). Since, after a divorce, a child is spending time in two households, the presumptive amount of child support may not be appropriate. The court may order a parenting time deviation “when special circumstances make the presumptive amount of child support excessive or inadequate due to extended parenting time as set forth in the order of visitation or when the child resides with both parents equally.” Id. If the child resides with both parents equally, for example, the parent designated as the non-custodial parent may request a downward deviation in his/her child support obligation so that he/she has sufficient funds to spend on the child during the extended time the child is residing with him/her.

It should be noted that a claim for a parenting time deviation may only be between the custodial and non-custodial parent, not any third parties. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(K)(iii).

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The tenth deviation category under the statute is extraordinary expenses. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(J). Generally, child support is based upon “average child expenses for families given the parents’ combined adjusted income and number of children.” Id. The legislature recognized that expenses for children are highly variable and, thus, included this deviation so that these expenses may be considered on a case-by-case basis. Id. If extraordinary expenses are found, they “shall be prorated between the parents by assigning or deducting credit for actual payments” made for these extraordinary expenses. Id.

There are three types of extraordinary expenses that may be considered:

1. Extraordinary educational expenses – Includes tuition, room and board, lab fees, books, fees, and other reasonable and necessary expenses associated with education OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(J)(i). Expenses must be “appropriate to the parent’s financial abilities and to the lifestyle of the child if the parents and the child were living together.” Id.

2. Special expenses incurred for child rearing – Includes summer camp, music/art lessons, extracurricular activities. The basic child support obligation covers average amounts for these expenses, but “when these special expenses exceed 7 percent of the basic child support obligation, then the additional amount of special expenses shall be considered as a deviation to cover the full amount of the special expenses.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(J)(ii).

3. Extraordinary medical expenses – Includes medical expenses not covered by insurance that cause extreme economic hardship. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(J)(iii).

Georgia courts can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The ninth deviation category under the statute is Permanency Plan or Foster Care Plan. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(I). This deviation may be considered when the child is in foster care.

Under this deviation, when the child is in the legal custody of a public or private child protection or foster care agency, the court can consider a deviation “if the deviation will assist in accomplishing a permanency plan or foster care plan for the child that has a goal of returning the child to the parent or parents and the parent’s need to establish an adequate household or to otherwise adequately prepare herself or himself for the return of the child clearly justifies a deviation for this purpose.” Id. For example, consider a situation where a child is in the custody of a state agency, and the parent is diligently working two jobs so that he/she can attain a stable residence for the child. The parent may be able to make ends meet, attain a stable residence and accomplish the goals necessary for return of the child to his/her custody, but only if he/she received a downward deviation in child support. In this situation, the court would look at the big picture and end goal, and may grant the deviation under the circumstances.

Georgia courts can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The eighth deviation category under the statute is mortgage. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(H). This deviation may be considered when the noncustodial parent/child support payor is providing a home for the child. Id.

Specifically, the court may consider a deviation where “the noncustodial parent is providing shelter, such as paying the mortgage of the home, or has provided a home at no cost to the custodial parent in which the child resides.” Id. For example, a noncustodial parent may own several properties, and allow the child and custodial parent to live in one of the properties in which the noncustodial parent does not live. Like many of the other deviations, in this situation, the parent is providing a benefit to the child in addition to his or her child support obligation and, therefore, may ask the court to pay less child support. With the mortgage deviation, the court may deviate by allocating the costs of the home between the parents, or decreasing the noncustodial parent’s child support obligation by “an amount equivalent to such [housing] costs." Id.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The seventh deviation category under the statute is alimony. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(G). This deviation may be considered when a parent is paying court ordered alimony.

Under the child support statute, “actual payments of alimony shall not be considered as a deduction from gross income.” Id. Rather than treating these payments as a deduction, the legislature decided to consider them "as a deviation from the presumptive amount of child support.” Id. Thus, it is not automatic that a parent will get this deviation. Unlike most of the other deviations, the court or jury must make written findings of its consideration of alimony payments as a basis for deviation. This means there must be written findings in the final order supporting the deviation.

The language "actual payments" infers that the alimony payments must actually be made. A court order for alimony payments that is not being complied with will not be sufficient.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The sixth deviation category under the statute is travel expenses. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(F). This deviation is included in the statute to cover a situation where the parents live in different cities or states and visitation related travel expenses are substantial for one or both parents.

If parents live in different cities or states, the logistics for visitation can be a little more complicated. If a plane flight is necessary, and the child is too young to fly alone, one parent must fly the child to and from visitation and, thus, there are round trip airline tickets on each end. Even if the distance can be travelled by car, gas has become increasingly expensive. If travel expenses for visitation are found to be substantial, “the court may order the allocation of such costs…by deviation from the presumptive amount of child support, taking into consideration the circumstances of the respective parents as well as which parent moved and the reason for such move.” Id. The court may be more likely to allow a deviation for a parent who moved due to a job or to be closer to family who could help with child care rather than a parent who moved away from his/her children to be closer to a new girlfriend/boyfriend.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The fifth deviation category under the statute is child and dependent care tax credit. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(E). This deviation is included in the statute consider a deviation where “one of the parents is entitled to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit.” Id.

A “dependent” is defined as “[a] natural or legally adopted child of the taxpayer.” OCGA §48-7A-2(3). There is a specific schedule for the child and dependent care tax credit that is based upon income, and the tax credit is basically subtracted from the amount of taxes a person owes. OCGA §48-7A-3(b). A child can only be claimed as a dependent once. Thus, after a divorce, only one parent is entitled to this tax credit for each child. Generally, the parent who has primary physical custody is entitled to this credit, though the parties can negotiate this issue as part of their settlement discussions.

If a parent is entitled to this tax credit, the court “may deviate from the presumptive amount of child support in consideration of such credit.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(E).

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The fourth deviation category under the statute is life insurance. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(D). This deviation is included in the statute to cover a situation in which “either parent has purchased life insurance on the life of either parent or the lives of both parents for the benefit of the child.” Id. The life insurance may be something the parents agreed upon in a settlement agreement, or it may be an order of the court.

This deviation is handled similarly to the “other health related insurance” deviation. If one parent has life insurance on either or both parents for the benefit of the child, the insurance premiums are an expense that parent is paying for the child’s benefit. That parent is, thus, paying child support and paying an additional amount in insurance premiums. The key here is that the life insurance must be on the life of either or both parents AND the child must be the beneficiary of the policy. In this situation, “the court may deviate from the presumptive amount of child support for the cost of such insurance by either adding or subtracting the amount of the premium.” Id.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The third deviation category under the statute is other health related insurance. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(C). This deviation is included in the statute to cover a situation in which a parent “has vision or dental insurance available at a reasonable cost for the child.” Id.

If the non-custodial parent has vision and/or dental insurance for the child, the insurance premiums are an expense that parent is paying for the benefit of the child. That parent is, thus, paying child support and paying an additional amount in insurance premiums. For example, consider a situation in which the presumptive amount of child support is $800 per month, and the noncustodial parent is paying an additional $100 per month in vision/dental insurance premiums for the child. This parent is essentially paying $900 per month for the child. This parent may request a downward child support deviation to make up this difference.

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the child support deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The second deviation category under the statute is low income. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(B). To obtain a deviation under this category, the parent “shall demonstrate no earning capacity or that his or her pro rata share of the presumptive amount of child support would create an extreme economic hardship for such parent.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(B)(i).

There are certain steps the court or jury must go through in considering a low-income deviation. First, the fact finder must “examine all attributable and excluded sources of income, assets and benefits available to the noncustodial parent” and ensure that the parent's expenses are justified and actually paid by that parent. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(B)(ii). Then, the fact finder shall consider the income, assets, benefits and expenses of each parent, the hardship of a downward deviation on the custodial parent’s household, the needs of each parent and those of the children, and the ability of the noncustodial parent to pay child support. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(B)(iii).

Even if a low-income deviation is granted, the minimum child support for one child “shall not be less than $100.00 per month” and this amount “shall be increased by at least $50.00 for each additional child.” OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(B)(v).

The court can deviate from the presumptive child support amount calculated by the child support worksheets for several reasons, IF the deviation is in the best interest of the child(ren) for whom child support is being determined. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A). The first deviation category under the statute is high income. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(2)(A). According to the statute, “parents are considered high-income parents if their combined adjusted income exceeds $30,000.00 per month.” Id. For parents who fall into this category, “the court shall set the basic child support obligation at the highest amount allowed by the child support obligation table.” Id. In addition, the court or jury has the option to consider an upward deviation to reach an appropriate award of child support “which is consistent with the best interest of the child.” Id.

In determining a property child support amount for parents who fall into this category, the court will likely consider the lifestyle in which the children lived before the divorce. There is no monetary cap to the child support for parents who fall into this category. The court is only limited by the best interest of the child and the ability of the custodial parent to provide basic necessities.

In Georgia, child support is calculated using both the mother’s and the father’s incomes. O.C.G.A. §19-6-15. Generally, the Court determines the annual gross incomes of both parties (or imputes what it believes the income should be based upon a party’s education and work experience) and runs those numbers through a child support calculator to determine the proper amount of child support. The amount of child support is presumptive and may be rebutted by either party, and court may deviate from the amount determined by the child support calculator. OCGA §19-6-15(i)(1)(A).

In deviating, the court must give primary consideration to the best interest of the child(ren) for whom support is being determined. Id. The court must specifically find “that an amount of child support other than the amount calculated is reasonably necessary to provide for the needs of the child for whom child support is being determined.” OCGA §19-6-15 (i)(1)(B). In addition, no deviation shall be made “which seriously impairs the ability of the custodial parent to maintain minimally adequate housing, food, and clothing for the child being supported by the order and to provide other basic necessities.” OCGA §19-6-15 (i)(1)(C).

There are eleven deviation categories, all of which will be explained further in future blogs: high income; low income; other health related insurance; life insurance; child and dependent care tax credit; travel expenses; alimony; mortgage; permanency plan or foster care plan; extraordinary expenses; parenting time; and nonspecific deviation.

The Supreme Court of Georgia recently heard an interesting case regarding self-executing child support provisions in a divorce settlement agreement. In Tanner v. Morris, the parties’ divorce settlement agreement gave the mother primary physical custody and stated that the father was to pay child support to the mother for the three minor children “for so long as each child shall remain in high school and while also living at home with Wife prior to beginning college or other secondary education.” Tanner v. Morris, S10A1227 at 2 (2010) (emphasis added).

Shortly after the divorce was final, the parties’ eldest child began living with the father, and the father ceased making child support payments for that child. Id. The middle child subsequently began living with the father, and the father thereafter ceased making child support payments for that child. Id. at 3. When the father refused the mother’s request for return of the middle child to her custody, the mother filed an action for contempt. Id. The trial court held that the father had child support arrearage for both children, but only held him in contempt for the support for the middle child, since the mother never requested return of the eldest child. Id. The father appealed.

The Supreme Court of Georgia found that the language “while also living at home with Wife” made the child support provision self-executing, meaning that the child support was modifiable without a new order from the court. Id. at 4. Since the Court has previously held self-executing provisions such as this one to be lawful, the Court held that “it was error for the trial court to hold [the father] in contempt for relying on the self-executing provision in the parties’ settlement agreement to reduce his child support obligation when he had [the mother’s] consent to allow the children to live with him." Id. Thus, the portion of the trial court’s judgment as to the arrearage for the eldest child was reversed. Id. at 5. The Court also vacated the arrearage amount for the middle child, holding that “the arrearage amount should be from the time [the father] lost [the mother’s] consent to keep the middle child, rather than the full amount awarded by the trial court." Id.

Though child support is generally thought of as being paid in monthly installments, the Georgia Supreme Court recently affirmed a divorce decree which ordered a father to make one lump sum child support payment. Mullin v. Roy, S10F1120 (2010). In that case, shortly after the wife filed for divorce, the husband was arrested for possession of child pornography, lost his $80,000/year job, and began living off a $422,000 inheritance. Id. The husband pled guilty to the charges and was sentenced to five years in prison the day after the divorce trial. Id. at 2.

In its divorce decree, the trial court acknowledged husband’s argument that he will have decreased earning capacity due to his sex offender status upon being released from prison, and calculated child support by settling “on an amount halfway between husband’s and wife’s projections for his future earnings.” Id. Based on the husband’s guilty plea and impending sentence, as well as the dwindling amount that remained of his inheritance, the trial court ordered the husband to pay his entire child support obligation within 60 days. Id. at 3.

The husband appealed, arguing that the court did not have the authority to award lump sum child support. Id. The Georgia Supreme Court agreed, holding that the child support statute “explicitly authorizes trial courts to exercise discretion in setting the amount and timing of payment.” Id.; OCGA §19-6-15(c)(2)(B). Though child support is typically paid in monthly installments, “there is no indication that the 2007 version of the guidelines statute eliminated the longstanding discretion of trial courts to order lump-sum payment under appropriate circumstances.” Id.

Atlanta divorce attorneys are often asked about the form in which child support and/or alimony payments should be made (i.e. cash, check, money order). Obviously, if the order for support specifies the form in which the payments are to be made, then the payor is obligated to make the payments in that format. Often, however, the form of payment is not specified, and it is just up to the payor to ensure that the payee receives the amount due. Since divorce and/or support cases are often contentious, we highly recommend making support payments in a format that can be tracked, such as a check, rather than cash. Even if you are on good terms with your former spouse, we recommend paying with a check. There is a reason that you are no longer married to or in a relationship with the person who you are supporting, and there is always a chance that the your relationship could sour. If you paid your support in cash, there is no paper trail, which could be problematic if the payee alleges that you did not fulfill your support obligations. In these situations, it is always better to have the ability to show documents verifying your payments, if the need arises.

In child support case, the court may order a parent, or both parents, to obtain and maintain a life insurance policy (or policies) for the benefit of the minor children. OCGA 19-6-34(a). The purpose of the policy is to cover a parent’s child support obligation if he or she passes away while the children are still minors. Under the child support guidelines, both parents have an obligation to support the minor children. Thus, the court often orders both parents to obtain policies because, if either parent passes away while the children are still minors, the other parent will bear the entire obligation to support the children. The parent or parents who pay the premium on the life insurance policy may receive a deviation to the presumptive amount of child support, if the court finds the amount of the premium to be reasonable and in the child’s best interest. OCGA 19-6-34(b). Parents can also agree to maintain life insurance policies for the benefit of the minor children in a settlement agreement. OCGA 19-6-34(e).

According to the child support guidelines, a parent has a duty to support a minor child “until the child reaches the age of majority, dies, marries, or becomes emancipated, whichever first occurs.” OCGA 19-6-15(e). In addition, the court has the discretion to order a parent or parents “to provide financial assistance to a child who has not previously married or become emancipated, who is enrolled in and attending a secondary school, and who has attained the age of majority before completing his or her secondary school education, provided that such financial assistance shall not be required after a child attains 20 years of age.” Id. Thus, parents are required to support their children until the children reach 18 years of age, so long as the child is living, and not married or emancipated. However, the court has the option to extend the support obligation. For example, if a child turns 18 in March of his senior year of high school and continues to be enrolled in school, the court can require the child support to continue until the child graduates high school, but not past the age of 20. Parents have the option of including this extension in any settlement agreement as well.

There are some health care expenses that are not covered by health insurance and the child support guidelines state that these uninsured health care expenses “shall be the responsibility of both parents.” OCGA 19-6-15(h)(3)(A). The final child support order must include provisions for payment of these expenses, but they are not to be used in calculating child support. Id. The child support guidelines require that “[t]he parents shall divide the uninsured health care expenses pro rata, unless otherwise specifically ordered by the court.” Id. This means that the parents are free to negotiate payment for the children’s uninsured health care expenses during settlement discussions, but if an agreement is reached to pay these expenses other than on a pro rata basis, this agreement MUST be included in the court’s Order in order for it to be valid and enforceable.

Under the Georgia Child Support Guidelines, expenses for a child’s health insurance premiums are included in the child support calculation. OCGA §19-6-15(h). The total health insurance premium is prorated between the parents based upon their respective incomes on the child support worksheets. The health insurance premium gets added as an adjustment to the basic child support obligation as an “additional expense” on the Child Support Worksheets. OCGA 19-6-15(h)(2)(A). The total premium is then divided pro rata between the parents and the end result is that the payor gets credit toward his/her child support obligation for the amount paid. Thus, the child support obligation is lowered by the amount of the premium for which the other parent is responsible.

For example, if the father makes $40,000 per year and the mother makes $60,000 per year, and the health insurance premium is $100/month, the father will be responsible for $40 and the mother will be responsible for $60. If the father is the child support payor and he is the one paying the premiums, his child support obligation will be lowered by $60/month, which is the amount of the health insurance premium for which the mother is responsible.

An important issue for many parents is how payment for children’s extracurricular activities is handled in relation to child support. The Georgia Supreme Court recently addressed this issue in Turner v. Turner. Turner v. Turner¸ 285 Ga. 866 (2009). In that case, after nine years of marriage and two children, the parties divorced with the mother receiving primary custody of the children and the father obligated to pay child support. In addition to his child support obligation, the father was ordered to pay 2/3 of the children’s extracurricular activities. The father appealed, contending that he was “paying twice for the cost of extracurricular activities because such costs are included in the presumptive amount of child support.” Id. at 867.

The Georgia Supreme Court agreed, stating that “[t]he language of OCGA § 19-6-15 (i) (2) (J) (ii) makes clear that a portion of the basic child support obligation is intended to cover average amounts of special expenses for raising children, including the cost of extracurricular activities.” Id. The Court referred further to the child support statute, clarifying that if the trial court determines that the full amount of special expenses (which includes extracurricular activities) exceeds 7% of the basic child support obligation, the additional amount must be considered a deviation addressed on Schedule E of the Child Support Worksheets with specific findings as to why such deviation is necessary. Id. The Georgia Supreme Court stated that the way the trial court handled extracurricular activities, by including an additional provision in the final judgment and decree of divorce apportioning them, was improper under the current child support guidelines.

The treatment of extracurricular activities is an important concept to keep in mind. In looking at a requested deviation for these activities, the court is going to want and need justification for these activities, especially if the payor is claiming that these activities are unnecessary for the children.

As technology changes our world, it also changes our Child Support and Paternity laws here in Georgia. Typically, in a parent cannot waive their right to receive child support, nor can another be released from their obligation to pay child support in Georgia. Worthington v. Worthington , 250 Ga. 730, 731 (1) (301 SE2d 44) (1983); Dept. of Human Resources v. Mitchell , 232 Ga. App. 215, 216-217 (1) (501 SE2d 508) (1998). But, artificial insemination has created an exception to that law. The Supreme Court of Georgia has ruled that, in Georgia, biological paternity does not create a responsibility to provide support in cases of artificial insemination. Pruitt v. Lindsey, 261 Ga. 540, 541 (2), n. 2 (407 SE2d 750) (1991).

This issue was taken up again in Brown v. Gadson, 288 Ga. App. 323 (654 SE2d 179) (2007), and the Court of Appeals affirmed that artificial insemination does not create a responsibility to provide support, especially when the mother and sperm donor enter an agreement. This case had a slight twist because the agreement was made in Florida, and under Florida law, these agreements are valid and enforceable. Fla. Stat. § 742.14; see also Lamaritata v. Lucas, 823 S2d 316, 319 (Fla. App. 2002) (holding under the foregoing statute that “[a] person who provides sperm for a woman to conceive a child by artificial insemination is not a parent”).

If you are working on settling an Atlanta divorce with your spouse and trying to determine the amount of child support to pay, you need to keep in mind one key factor. The amount of child support in Georgia must be reasonable and if you are deviating from the presumptive amount in the child support worksheets, you have to be able to explain the reasons for the deviation to the Atlanta divorce judge. If you cannot, he or she will most likely reject your settlement. The reason is that the right of child support belongs to the child and cannot be waived by an agreement of the parents. Worthington v. Worthington , 250 Ga. 730, 731 (1) (301 SE2d 44) (1983); Dept. of Human Resources v. Mitchell , 232 Ga. App. 215, 216-217 (1) (501 SE2d 508) (1998).

An Atlanta Divorce Lawyer can help you make sure that your agreement with your spouse is one that the Court’s will accept. This will save you the pain and inconvenience of going to Court several times in the hopes that you have put together your paperwork in a manner that will be acceptable to your Atlanta Divorce Judge. Some attorneys, such as those at our Atlanta Divorce Law Firm will even offer a flat fee for this service.

On January 28, 2009, the Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the Gwinnett County Juvenile Court regarding the modification of a temporary child support award in a deprivation case. In In the Interest of R.F. (A08A1683), a biological mother’s five children were found to be deprived and removed from her custody, and she was ordered to pay child support to the temporary custodians. She alleged that the trial court erred by treating her motion as one for modification of child support rather than a final child support order, ignoring statutory guidelines in determining the child support amount, and in refusing to modify the previous order.

The Court of Appeals rejected the mother’s argument that her petition was one for a final child support order. The Court questioned whether a juvenile court was the proper jurisdiction for a final child support order, but rested its holding on the fact that there had been no final disposition of the deprivation proceedings and, thus, there could be no final order.

The mother further contended that the trial court erred in treating funds from trust proceeds as her income for purposes of a child support determination. The Court of Appeals easily dismissed this argument, citing to O.C.G.A. §19-6-15(f)(1)(A)(x), which states that both trust income and gifts that consist of cash should be included in calculating gross income for child support purposes.

In addition, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling in refusing to modify the child support amount. Interestingly, though the mother was trying to modify her support obligation downward, she argued that the substantial change warranting modification was the fact that the children had increased educational expenses. The Court simply stated that “the fact that the needs of the children have increased cannot serve as the basis for decreasing the amount of child support a parent is obligated to pay” and found no other basis for downward modification, based upon the evidence presented at trial.

On November 17, 2008, the Supreme Court of Georgia reaffirmed long standing case law that it will not set aside a trial court’s factual findings unless they are found to be clearly erroneous. In Vereen v. Vereen (S08F0736), the Husband in a Gwinnett County divorce action contended that the trial court failed to consider evidence in making its rulings on child support, alimony, attorney’s fees and a tax debt, and failed to enforce a temporary order in the case.

Specifically, the Husband alleged that the trial court erred in its determination of his income, determination that his age and health conditions did not affect his ability to pay child support, and allocation of responsibility for a $27,000 tax debt to him. The Supreme Court found that the trial court specifically considered extensive evidence on these issues including testimony from the Husband regarding his income and health, evidence regarding his payment of the mortgage and other bills, evidence of his major cash purchases, and evidence that the tax debt was his alone. Satisfied that the trial court did not err, the Supreme Court declined Husband’s request that the trial court’s Order be overturned.

The Husband further alleged that the trial court erred in failing to enforce a temporary order in the case. To this allegation of error, the Supreme Court simply states that “the record reflects no motion by Husband to hold Wife in contempt for having allegedly failed to comply with this order” and “[w]ithout a ruling from the trial court on this issue, there can be no finding of error.”

On November 13, 2008, the Georgia Court of Appeals issued a ruling in Kean v. Marshall (A08A0828) regarding the issue of proper jurisdiction for a child support modification action. The original child support Order was in Alabama, but the Mother sought to record and modify the Order in Georgia pursuant to the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA). The Mother filed her Petition in Henry County, Georgia, contending that the Father resided there and was, therefore, subject to jurisdiction. The trial court denied the Father’s motion to dismiss the action due to lack of jurisdiction and entered an Order modifying the child support amount.

The Court of Appeals reversed this ruling finding that the evidence reflected that the Father was domiciled in Alabama. The Court of Appeals placed emphasis on the fact that the Father “was registered to vote in Alabama, has always paid Alabama income taxes, has an Alabama driver’s license, and cares for his elderly father in Alabama.” There was also extensive evidence that the Father considered Alabama to be his home and intended to remain there, despite his military placement. Though the Mother argued that he resided in Georgia because he spent time there in the military and entered into an apartment lease while he was there, the Court of Appeals specifically found that the term “reside” does not mean “domiciled,” and that a person’s domicile is the place where the person resides with an intent to remain permanently or for an indefinite period of time. In reversing the trial court’s ruling, the Court of Appeals held that “[t]he proper focus is whether the record contained evidence that [the Father] took any action to change his residence from Alabama to Georgia, and the record is devoid of evidence showing any such action.”

Interestingly, in this case, the Order modifying child support was based upon an agreement by the parties with the Father reserving his right to appeal based on lack of jurisdiction.

Georgia’s Domestic Relations Financial Affidavit (DRFA) is a sworn financial statement required by most counties in divorce and other family law cases in Georgia. The DRFA is an itemized list of your monthly income and expenses, and a list of your assets and debts including bank accounts, retirement accounts, houses, and credit cards.

The DRFA is extremely helpful for a number of reasons in family law cases. First, it is a good overview of the financial situation of the parties and of the marital estate. Second, the DRFA is extremely helpful in determining alimony. Alimony is awarded on a need vs. ability to pay basis and the DRFA quickly shows how much expendable income or deficit a person has on a monthly basis. Third, the DRFA requires the parties to think through the expenses for their children which they should receive credit for on the child support worksheets.

As a sworn statement, the DRFA is often relied upon in Court as a snapshot of your financial circumstances so it is important to be as honest and accurate as possible. Look at monthly bills and expenses and put the actual numbers on there. We recommend keeping all documents on which you based your DRFA numbers so they are easily accessible if your numbers are later challenged in Court.

According to O.C.G.A. § 19-6-28.1(b), the licensing agencies in Georgia can revoke or suspend someone’s license if he or she is in arrears behind in paying child support for a period of more than sixty days. Not only can the Georgia Department of Driver Services suspend someone’s drivers license, but the person’s professional license, such as a license to practice medicine. A business license as well as hunting and fishing licenses can also be suspended. Also, if the non-paying parent applies for the license, the application can be denied based solely on the fact that he or she is in arrears with child support. Georgia is not the first state to implement such a drastic law to punish parents who are in arrears. For years, the states of Ohio, Tennessee, and Arizona, have suspended drivers licenses because someone owes back owed child support to their ex-spouse.

When this law comes into effect in July, there are going to be those who support the law and who oppose it. Some people may feel that it is unfair because if they don’t have a driver’s license, then they cannot get to work to earn the money to pay child support. Prior to revoking or suspending someone’s license, the court will notify the person who is in arrears. If he or she is able and willing to cooperate with the court to make their child support obligation current and to provide evidence to the court, then the court will consider this and may not revoke or suspend his or her license according to O.C.G.A. § 19-6-28.1(b). This law is meant only to punish those who do not plan on becoming current with their child support obligations. Once the court has contacted the person and has determined that he or she is not going to pay the back owed child support, then the court will enter into an order and contact the licensing agency for the person’s failure to pay child support. If the licensing agency revokes or suspends his or her license, then the licensing agency will contact the court according to O.C.G.A. §19-6-28.1(b).

Continue reading "Penalties for not paying child support in Georgia: License revocation" »

Once your divorce is final, we recommend that you keep certain documents, especially if you are receiving child support and alimony from your ex-spouse. Many people may feel like they need to destroy certain documents, such as the marriage license, because he or she may not want to keep things that remind him or her of their ex-spouse. It is very important to keep certain documents and records because you may unfortunately need them in the future, especially if your ex-spouse fails to pay his support obligations to both you and your children. Below is a brief list of the documents and records that we highly recommend that you keep after your divorce. We recommend keeping these documents in a firesafe security or file box. We do not, however, recommend that you keep any important documents in a safety deposit box. If something happens to you, your family may not be able to retrieve these documents from your safety deposit box.

1. Copies of checks and/or money orders:

If your ex-spouse is required to pay child support or alimony to you, it is very important that you make copies of these checks and/or money orders for your records. If your ex-spouse insists on paying you cash, however, we highly recommend that you give your spouse a receipt, which both you and your spouse sign. Receipt books only cost a couple of dollars and they could help you immensely in the future if you need to file an action with the court. If your ex-spouse makes the payments in cash, it is very difficult to prove to the court that he or she made these payments to you since there is usually no tangible evidence showing these payments were made.

Also, in addition to making copies of all checks and/or money orders, we highly recommend that you keep a log of all of the payments that you received. You can either keep the log on your computer or a notepad. Every month, you should make an entry in the log listing the amount of the payment, the check number, and the date received. If your spouse fails to make a payment, you should still make an entry, but you should put “no payment received”. It is so much easier to calculate how much money your spouse owes you when you have a tangible record of it. The downside to keeping detailed records on the computer is that you would lose these records if your hard drive crashes or your computer is lost or stolen – if you do please be sure to backup the file regularly and keep a backup copy offsite.

Continue reading "Documents to keep after your divorce is final" »

Starting on January 1, 2007, the formula for calculating child support in Georgia changed drastically. For details, see our previous post on how to calculate child support in Georgia. In addition to the incomes of both parties and necessary expenses (i.e. health insurance and work related child care costs), the Court can consider several deviations in calculating the non-custodial parent’s child support obligation.

One deviation that has come up often since the implementation of the new child support guidelines is the Parenting Time Deviation. The child support obligation table at the beginning of the child support worksheets takes into account expenses in an intact household. Thus, according to Georgia law, this deviation is applicable “when special circumstances make the presumptive amount of child support excessive or inadequate due to extended parenting time as set forth in the order of visitation or when the child resides with both parents equally.” O.C.G.A. §19-6-15(i)(2)(K)(i).

The Parenting Time Deviation is in the Court’s discretion and the Court is required only to consider the best interests of the child in making its determination. Further, a Parenting Time Deviation cannot be awarded if it seriously impairs the ability of the custodial parent to provide basic necessities, such as housing, food and clothing, for the children.

We recently had a case where the Father/Non-Custodial Parent had visitation time with the minor child totaling approximately 159 days per year, which is greater than “standard” visitation time. In spite of the fact that his income was nearly 6 times that of the Mother, he received a Parenting Time Deviation. The court in Forsyth County essentially held that he would have increased expenses due to his increased visitation time for which he would need additional expendable income and, thus, found this deviation to be warranted.

Due to the recent enactment of the new child support guidelines, there is not yet significant precedent on how the Judges are handling the Parenting Time Deviation. What is clear, however, is that when arguing for or against this deviation, the most important consideration is the best interests of the children.

On November 17, 2008, the Supreme Court upheld Judge Batchelor’s (Gwinnett Superior Court) decision in regards to the amount of child support and alimony awarded in the case. Although the case is generally unremarkable, it did re-emphasize a point that is often overlooked by individuals that are proceeding forward with divorce, child support, alimony and other family law types of matters.

In particular, the court held that: “The standard by which findings of fact are reviewed is the ‘any evidence’ rule, under which a finding by the trial court supported by any evidence must be upheld. Furthermore, in the absence of any mathematical formula, fact finders are given a wide latitude in fixing the amount of alimony and child support… under the evidence as disclosed by the record an all the facts and circumstances of the case.” The Supreme Court also noted that “this court will not set aside the trial court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and this Court properly gives due deference to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”

As I was reading the opinion, it reminded me that while attorneys are very well aware of these types of statements from the appellate courts in Georgia, most of our clients are not. In essence, what they mean is that the Supreme Court of Georgia and the Court of Appeals in Georgia rarely overturn trial court decisions on factual matters. Knowing this, and knowing that nearly all trials on family law matters come down to factual disputes, it emphasizes the point that if you want to prevail with your family law matter in Georgia, you must convince the fact finder of your factual allegations because they, in all likelihood, will be the sole determiner for the outcome of your case and you will not get a second bite at the apple.

In Georgia, child support orders may be modified upon a showing of a substantial change in either parent’s income or financial status, or in the needs of the children. O.C.G.A. §19-6-15(k)(1). A substantial change could include the loss of a job, decrease in income, increase in income, increase in the medical needs of the children, increase in the educational needs of the children (i.e. private school, tutoring, etc.), or decrease in the needs of the children (i.e. child no longer needs day care). This substantial change must occur between the date of the divorce decree or previous child support action and the filing of the new petition for modification of child support.

Generally, you can only bring a child support modification action once every two years so keep this in mind when deciding whether or not to file a modification. The two year limitation does not apply from the date of your divorce decree, but rather from the date of your last modification. In other words, you could bring a modification action within a few months of your divorce decree, but you would have to wait two years after that modification action before you could come back to court again. There are three exceptions to this two year rule: (1) If the non-custodial parent has failed to exercise court ordered visitation; (2) if the non-custodial parent has exercised more visitation than provided in the court order; or (3) the modification action is based upon an involuntary loss of income. O.C.G.A. §19-6-15(k)(2)(A) – (C).

Any modification of these orders must be done prospectively. This means that the Court can only modify these orders from the date of the filing of a petition. The Court cannot retroactively modify court orders from the date of the substantial change.

Our first in this series on child support analysis will focus on the impact of looking at BOTH parents’ incomes in determining child support, the major change in the 2007 child support guidelines in Georgia. This example will assume no deviation factors in its analysis.

Our example will look at a couple in Alpharetta, Georgia getting a divorce. The father currently makes $100,000 per year ($8,333 per month). The mother is currently a stay at home mom raising their two children and will be the primary physical custodian of the children after the divorce. Using Georgia’s Child Support Calculator, the father will pay $1,578 per month in child support for his two children.

But what happens if we changed our fact scenario just slightly and assumed that the mother was making a salary. For example, assume that the mother was making the following amounts per year:

$24,000 - Child support would be lowered to $1,454.12 per month.
$50,000 - Child support would be lowered to $1,356.73 per month.
$100,000 - Child support would be lowered to $1,194.00 per month.

As you can see, looking at both parents' incomes can have a substantial impact on the amount of child support under the new child support guidelines. For more information, see our previous post on How to Calculate Child Support in Georgia.

On November 3, 2008, the Supreme Court of Georgia reached decision by a 4 to 3 vote, that held a party could seek a declaratory judgment as to his obligation for PAST due child support. Acevedo v. Kim f/k/a Acevedo, S08A0798 (11/3/08). While this decision is perhaps more important for lawyers handling cases to understand, it does emphasize some interesting legal principals.

Prior to discussing the case further, it is important to understand what a declaratory judgment is. A declaratory judgment is, among other things, a procedural mechanism litigants use to determine their “rights and obligations under a divorce decree that is unclear”. Acevedo. It is used to remove a party from the “risk of taking some future action that, without direction, would jeopardize his interest”. Acevedo.

The unique question before the Supreme Court in this matter was whether it was appropriate for to ask for a declaratory judgment for PAST due child support obligations. The majority opinion held that since there was a very real risk that he would be brought up on charges of contempt of court, “he needed direction from a judicial tribunal to remove the uncertainty regarding the consequences of his planned future actions.” A very strong dissent argued, however, that since the support at issue only involved previously owed arrearages, then “the logical consequence of this contrived construction would be the seeking of declaratory judgment as a defense to the payment of any found obligation or debt, thus spawning unnecessary and spurious litigation”. Acevedo.

While it remains to be seen what develops from this recent case, the close decision and unique construction of what is grounds for a declaratory judgment suggests that this will not be the last time we visit this issue in Georgia.

Starting on January 1, 2007, the formula for calculating child support in Georgia changed drastically. Up until that point, Georgia was one of the last remaining states that evaluated only the income of the non-custodial parent when it calculated child support. With the passage of a new law, Georgia changed ended its prior methodology and instead adopted an income-sharing approach to determine child support.

Under the new law, codified as O.C.G.A. § 19-6-15, both the Mother’s and the Father’s incomes are now used to calculate support. In summary, the court now determines what is the annual gross income of both parties (or imputes what it believes said income should be based upon a parties education and work experience) and runs those numbers through a support calculator to determine the amount of child support a non-custodial parents should pay. For your use in evaluating child support, here is a link to the official Georgia Child Support Calculator and Worksheets.

If you have ever started to use this calculator you will quickly find that determining each party’s annual gross income is not the end of the analysis for determining child support. In particular, O.C.G.A. 19-6-15(b)(8) has delineated eleven deviations that the court can take into account when calculating child support. These factors are:

1. High income;
2. Low income;
3. Health related insurance;
4. Child and dependent care tax credit;
5. Travel expenses;
6. Alimony;
7. Mortgage;
8. Permanency plan or foster care plan;
9. Extraordinary expenses;
10. Parenting time; and,
11. Nonspecific deviations.

The Georgia Supreme Court issued an order today in Pineres v. George, S08A0773, which has several implications for Georgia law. First, it held that a trial judge has no authority in a contempt proceeding to modify the obligations imposed by a divorce decree. Second, the Georgia Supreme Court held that medical expenses constitute a form a child support.

Of note in this case, the modification being sought was in regards to the psychological expenses for the minor child and there had previously been a petition for modification of child support made less than two years ago. Because Georgia law prohibits a modification of child support less than two years after an order on a previous modification petition by the same spouse, it upheld an awarded of frivolous litigation fees under O.C.G.A. § 9-15-14 against the spouse that was now seeking to modify the amount of medical expenses that they had to pay.